Which of the following is included in interim controls?

Interim controls refer to temporary measures that are implemented to reduce exposure to lead hazards while more permanent solutions are planned or executed. Among the choices, repairs and ongoing maintenance activities fit this definition effectively. These actions can mitigate the risks associated with lead without requiring a full lead abatement, which is more invasive and permanent.

By addressing areas where lead hazards may exist through repairs and maintenance, individuals are able to reduce the likelihood of lead exposure. This could include fixing or stabilizing surfaces that contain lead-based paint, ensuring that they are not a source of dust, chips, or other forms of exposure.

While options like complete removal of lead and encapsulation of lead-based paint involve more comprehensive efforts to eliminate lead hazards, they represent permanent solutions rather than interim controls. Legal action against lead hazard violations, while essential for enforcement, does not directly mitigate immediate risks to health or safety that interim controls aim to address. Thus, ongoing maintenance activities are the process that exemplifies interim controls effectively.